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Riot is committed where a group of 12 or more persons use or threaten violence for a common purpose and their combined conduct would cause an ordinary person present at the scene to fear for his personal safety.
鈥淲here 12 or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his person safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot鈥: Public Order Act 1986 (poa 1986), s 1(1). The threats of violence or violent acts need not be simultaneous, the common purpose may be inferred from conduct, no person of reasonable firmness need be present or be likely to be present at the scene, and riot can be committed in private as well as in public: POA 1986, s 1(2)-(5).
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Section 1 of the Public Order Act 1986 (POA 1986) creates the offence of riot. It is triable only on indictment in the Crown Court.Proceedings for riot or incitement to riot can only be commenced by, or with the consent of, the Director of Public Prosecutions.Elements of the offence of riotUnder POA 1986, s 1 the prosecution must prove that:鈥12 or more persons鈥resent together鈥sed or threatened unlawful violence for a common purpose, and鈥he conduct was such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for their personal safety, and鈥ach defendant used unlawful violence, and鈥ntended to use such violence for the common purpose, or鈥as aware that their conduct may be violentUnlawful violence'Violence' is defined in POA 1986 to mean any violent conduct. The definition specifically includes violence against property as well as violent conduct towards people.Twelve or more persons and common purposeThere must be evidence before the jury of the presence of at least 12 people using or threatening to use unlawful violence. If there...
Riot Section 1 of the Public Order Act 1986 (POA 1986) creates the offence of riot. It is triable only on indictment in the Crown Court. Proceedings for riot or incitement to riot can only be commenced by, or with the consent of, the Director of Public Prosecutions. Elements of the offence of riot Under POA 1986, s 1 the prosecution must prove that: 鈥 12 or more persons 鈥 present together 鈥 used or threatened unlawful violence for a common purpose, and 鈥 the conduct was such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for their personal safety, and 鈥 each defendant used unlawful violence, and 鈥 intended to use such violence for the common purpose, or 鈥 was aware that their conduct may be violent Unlawful violence 'Violence' is defined in POA 1986 to mean any violent conduct. The definition specifically includes violence against property as well as violent conduct towards people. Twelve or more persons and common purpose There...
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Licence to use photographs This Agreement is made on [insert date] (the Commencement Date) between the following parties (each a party and together the parties): Parties 1 [insert licensor name] a company incorporated in [England and Wales] whose registered number is [insert company number] and whose registered office is at [insert registered office] (the 鈥楲icensor鈥); and 2 [insert licensee name] a company incorporated in [England and Wales] whose registered number is [insert company number] and whose registered office is at [insert registered office] (the 鈥楲icensee鈥). Background (A) Licensor is the proprietor of the Photographic Works. (B) Licensor wishes to license the Photographic Works to Licensee and Licensee wishes to receive the same on the terms of this Agreement. The parties agree: 1 Definitions and interpretation 1.1 Definitions In this Agreement: Affiliate 鈥 means any entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with, another entity; Control 鈥 means that a person owns directly or indirectly more than 50% of...
Music artist鈥檚 merchandising agreement (pro-licensee) This Agreement is made on [insert date] PARTIES 1 [Insert artist name] of [insert artist address] (hereinafter called the 鈥楢rtist鈥); and 2 [Insert licensee name] a company incorporated in England and Wales whose registered number is [insert company number] and whose registered office is at [insert registered office address] (hereinafter called the 鈥楥ompany鈥 which expression includes its successors and assigns). THE PARTIES AGREE: 1 Definitions and interpretation 1.1 The following definitions apply in this Agreement: Advance 鈥 has the meaning given to it in clause 7 below; Agreement 鈥 means this Agreement and any and all schedules and annexes attached to it or incorporated in it by reference; Artist鈥檚 Name 鈥 means 鈥榌insert the Artist鈥檚 professional name]鈥 and/or such other professional name(s) as the Artist may from time to time use during the Term; Artist鈥檚 Property 鈥 means the Artist鈥檚 Name, characters, symbols, logos, identifying indicia, designs, Artwork Materials and all or any intellectual property rights and/or other like property...
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Is there any case law or guidance on what is meant by 鈥榗ivil commotion鈥 in the context of force majeure clauses in an NEC contract? Force majeure is used to describe an event that occurs which is beyond the control of the parties, and which prevents them from fulfilling their contractual obligations. Although the NEC contracts do not use the term 鈥榝orce majeure鈥, they refer to comparable types of event鈥攕ee Practice Note: Force majeure in construction contracts. We assume that the contract includes a Z clause providing for a definition of 鈥榝orce majeure鈥 which includes civil commotion. The phrase 鈥榗ivil commotion鈥 is also included within clause 80.1 as an Employer鈥檚 risk. We are not aware of any case law that considers the definition of 鈥榗ivil commotion鈥 within this clause. However, the concept of civil commotion has been considered by the courts in other contexts, including as an exclusion
Is there a definition of 'Existing Structures' (referred to in the JCT form of contracts at Insurance Option C)? Would it include cladding connected to the building that was not structural/load bearing? What form does Option C take and what is meant by 鈥榚xisting structures鈥 under the Contract? Pursuant to Schedule 3, the contract provides for three different insurance options, namely: 鈥 Option A鈥擜ll risks insurance of the works taken out by the contractor for new buildings 鈥 Option B鈥擜ll risks insurance of the works taken out by the employer for new buildings, and 鈥 Option C鈥擨nsurance of existing structures and the works in or extensions to them taken out by the employer Insurance of existing structures Option C requires the employer to take out insurance in the names of the employer and the contractor 鈥榝or the full cost of reinstatement, repair or replacement due to any of the Specified Perils鈥 in respect of the employer鈥檚 existing structures and contents. Clause 6.8 of the contract defines...
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The National Crime Agency (NCA) has brought bribery charges against British businessman Zuneth Sattar following an investigation into international corruption involving senior Malawian officials. In a Westminster Magistrates Court, Sattar鈥攂orn in Malawi in 1981鈥攆aces 18 charges and is accused of paying up to $US50,000 in bribes to public officials between December 2020 and September 2021 to secure public contracts worth $US56m for anti-riot gear, food ration packs, and armoured personnel carriers. Anti-corruption charity Spotlight on Corruption and Malawian NGO Youth and Society have called on the UK and the government of Malawi to enhance accountability measures by intensifying investigations and protecting anti-corruption advocates. The charge sheet lists several high-ranking Malawian figures, including the late vice president Saulos Chilima and the president鈥檚 former chief of staff, Prince Kapondamgaga, among others in public procurement, law enforcement, and anti-corruption agencies. Sattar has been released on conditional bail, subject to a travel ban and a 拢2m surety, with the next court hearing scheduled at Southwark Crown Court on 26 June 2025.
TMT Analysis: David Zeffman, partner, and Carter Rich, associate, at CMS Cameron McKenna Nabarro Olswang LLP consider the integration of AI into gaming. The analysis discusses the current use of AI in gaming, the developers鈥 point of view and the practical issues and legal considerations associated with AI in gaming.
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